Bulletin WKU

PEDAGOGICAL CONDITIONS OF USING INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING ENGLISH

Tukeshova Nurgul, Bekbatyrkyzy Laura — 2025-09-25

Abstract. The article discusses the importance of using interactive methods in teaching English in modern schools. Describing methods such as group work, role-playing, project activities and discussions, it shows how these approaches help to increase students' motivation, develop their communicative skills and improve their general level of knowledge. Innovative technologies such as online platforms and virtual modeling, which play an important role in creating an interactive learning environment, will also be discussed. Students have indicated that using such methods helps them to understand the material better, increases creativity and confidence. The article concludes that interactive teaching methods are an effective tool in the process of teaching English.

FORMATION OF BIOETHICAL CULTURE OF STUDENTS OF PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN TRENDS AND VALUE MEANINGS OF EDUCATION

Khazova Snezhana, Magomedova Aida — 2025-09-25

Annotation. The article is devoted to the analysis of transformations occurring in the goal-setting of Russian education, and caused by objective phenomena and processes of changing society, human civilization. Based on the study of global and local socio-cultural, political, environmental and other processes and phenomena, current trends in the development of society, individual social spheres are determined, which is substantiated as a social basis for modernization processes in education. Generalization of data on current methodological approaches to training and education led to clarification of modern requirements for goal-setting and value definition of the system of higher pedagogical education. In this context, such trends in education as humanization, humanitarization and greening caused by social processes of industrialization, technologization and digitalization are considered. Systematization of scientific ideas about the essence and content of the mission of the pedagogical university, about its transformation in historical retrospect; about the values of higher education and its importance in modern society made it possible to determine bioethical functions and value meanings as a key component of the mission of a modern pedagogical university. In combination, the established data made it possible to actualize the problem of forming the bioethical culture of students of a pedagogical university.

THE USE OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY IN TEACHING DIALOGIC SPEECH

Abukhanova A.G., Berdnik V.A. — 2025-09-25

Annotation. This scientific article examines the potential of Internet technologies in teaching dialogic speech in English in school and university settings. Special attention is paid to digital platforms and interactive tools that contribute to the formation and development of students' speech activity. Effective methods of integrating online resources into the educational process are described, taking into account the age, psychological and linguistic characteristics of students. Practical recommendations for teachers on the use of Internet technologies at various stages of dialogic speech formation are presented. The results of the study may be useful to specialists in the field of teaching foreign languages and digital pedagogy.

ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTING AUTHENTIC CONTENT IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS

Galiya Kismetova — 2025-09-25

This study investigates the integration of authentic content into the educational process, with a focus on language learning. Authentic content refers to real-life materials not originally designed for classroom use, such as films, podcasts, social media posts, and other digital resources. The research explores the benefits of authentic materials in enhancing student motivation, engagement, and language proficiency, as well as the challenges educators face in their implementation. Data were collected through questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and student reflections involving 12 secondary school students and 8 English teachers in Uralsk, Kazakhstan. Findings reveal that while authentic content positively influences learners’ communicative competence and cultural awareness, difficulties such as adapting materials to diverse proficiency levels, limited preparation time, and lack of ready-to-use resources hinder effective application. The study emphasizes the critical role of teacher training and resource development in overcoming these barriers. Recommendations for practical strategies and future research directions are provided to support the successful integration of authentic content in language education.

ХАЛЫҚАРАЛЫҚ БАКАЛАВРИАТ (IB) ТҰРҒЫСЫНАН БОЛАШАҚ ГЕОГРАФИЯ МҰҒАЛІМІНІҢ ПЕДАГОГИКАЛЫҚ ШЕБЕРЛІГІН ҚАЛЫПТАСТЫРУДЫҢ ТЕОРИЯЛЫҚ-ӘДІСТЕМЕЛІК НЕГІЗДЕРІ

Мөлдір Бүрлібаева — 2025-09-25

The present study analyzes the theoretical-methodological foundations of the development of professional competencies of future geography teachers, taking into account the philosophy of the International Baccalaureate (IB) in the higher education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is investigated to what extent IB principles - such as research–based learning, formative assessment and global mindset – are integrated into the training of future teachers. The study is based on a literature analysis and a comparison of national and international training programs. The results show systemic barriers in Kazakh universities, as well as the lack of specialized modules for preparing for the IB context. At the same time, successful international models – from Singapore, Canada and Finland – will be presented, which can serve as a template for reforms. Concrete recommendations are given on the curricular restructuring and on strengthening practical training.

DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF A UNIVERSITY EDUCATOR

Kulmagambetova Svetlana — 2025-09-25

Annotation. The principal aim of this article is to consider development of the professional competence of a university educator. At present time, we researched the issues: levels of educator’ professional growth; pedagogical culture of the modern educator, pedagogical innovations and professional teaching competence. It is revealed that it is necessary to develop the level of professional competence of a high school. The article offered methodic recommendations for university educator in the development of professional competence. Detailed description of the set of components of professional competence; basic elements of professional competence; criteria for the effectiveness of teaching activities, basic conditions for effective self-education; effective one’s methods and forms qualifications of the educator. Summarizing, to complete that a great influence on the personal qualities of a student is exerted by the development of a special component - pedagogical culture, pedagogical abilities, professional and pedagogical skills, the activity component-professional improvisation, readiness for pedagogical activity.

THE ROLE OF PEDAGOGY AND PHILOLOGY IN DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGIES

Alla Busygina — 2025-09-25

This article examines an interdisciplinary approach to foreign language teaching based on the integration of pedagogical and philological methods. Special attention is given to the implementation of the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) methodology, which aims at the simultaneous acquisition of subject knowledge and language skills. An experiment conducted among non-linguistic students showed a statistically significant increase in linguistic, communicative, and cognitive competence. The article presents the methodology, stages, and results of the study. It also discusses the prospects of integrating and digitalizing such methodologies in higher education.

BEYOND FLIPGRID: EXPLORING DIGITAL ALTERNATIVES FOR DEVELOPING MONOLOGIC SPEAKING SKILLS IN KAZAKHSTANI EFL CLASSROOMS

Galiya Kismetova — 2025-09-25

Annotation. This study investigates the effectiveness of digital video-based platforms as alternatives to Flipgrid in the development of monologic speaking skills among EFL learners in Kazakhstan. With Flipgrid no longer functioning as an educational tool, educators must identify and evaluate suitable replacements. Drawing on the theoretical framework of communicative competence developed by S. S. Kunanbayeva and incorporating insights from international research, this study explores the use of Padlet, Loom, and Seesaw as platforms for developing expressive speech. A mixed-methods approach involving experimental implementation, surveys, and interviews was applied in a Kazakhstani secondary school. Findings indicate that while all platforms offered useful tools for speaking development, Padlet emerged as the most effective in promoting student engagement, creativity, and confidence in monologic speech. The research offers pedagogical implications for integrating alternative technologies into language education.

INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING METHODOLOGY: PHILOLOGY, PEDAGOGY, AND PSYCHOLINGUISTICS

Tolstova Olga — 2025-09-25

This article explores the theoretical and methodological foundations and empirical implementation of an interdisciplinary approach to teaching foreign languages to students of an agricultural university. An experiment involving 50 students from Samara State Agrarian University, enrolled in agronomy, animal science, veterinary medicine, agribusiness economics, and biotechnology, was conducted using the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) methodology and active learning methods. Statistically significant results were obtained in enhancing students’ language, professional, and cognitive competencies. The article also highlights the importance of educational digitalization, the introduction of adaptive online courses, and formative assessment in the context of an interdisciplinary approach. The potential for integrating philological, pedagogical, and psycholinguistic knowledge to train competitive specialists in a globalized world is discussed.

THE ARCHETYPE OF THE WANDERING HERO IN THE JACK REACHER SERIES BY LEE CHILD

Igor Frolov — 2025-09-25

This article explores the archetype of the wandering hero through the character of Jack Reacher in Lee Child’s novel series. By examining Reacher’s nomadic lifestyle, moral code, and independence, the study highlights how he embodies and modernizes this classic literary figure. The article also investigates genre influences from Westerns, noir fiction, and hardboiled detective stories, demonstrating how Child reinvents the trope for contemporary audiences. Additionally, it discusses Reacher’s cultural significance, his enduring popularity, and potential future directions for the wandering hero archetype in literature.

COGNITIVE MODEL “WORLD ORDER” IN THE ASPECT OF TERM STUDY

E. E. Demidova, A. A. Rodicheva — 2025-09-25

The article describes for the first time the cognitive model "World Order", by means of which the scientific term is objectified. World order (hereinafter MP) was originally understood as a system of world order, later in political science, sociology, philosophy and other sciences other definitions of this term were formed. The appeal to the topic of studying the cognitive model "World Order" consists of the scientific novelty of the work, in modern literature there are no similar studies. At the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries four meanings of world order are used: 1. economic; 2. political (democratic, liberal); 3. social; 4. military. In the twenty-first century their number increases: 1. economic; 2. (geo)political (democratic, (neo)liberal); 3. social; 4. military; 5. scientific (technological); 6. moral; 7. ideological (capitalist, humane); 8. informational.

FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE WESTERN REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Utegenova A. — 2025-09-25

Abstract. The article is devoted to the study of the language situation in the western region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where the interaction of Kazakh, Russian, and English reflects modern sociolinguistic trends and processes of globalization. The aim of the research is to analyze the multilingual experience of students and the linguistic landscape of cities in order to identify the factors influencing the dynamics of the language situation and the status of languages in the region. The empirical basis consists of audio recordings of trilingual conversations of students from four regional centers, 40 semi-structured interviews, as well as 4,628 written signs of the urban space. The methods applied include content analysis, semantic and pragmatic analysis, quantitative calculation, and ethnographic interviews. The analysis revealed that Russian–Kazakh hybrid forms predominate in students’ speech, English is more often used in a status-prestigious function, while Kazakh remains the main marker of cultural identity. In the linguistic landscape of the region, 69% of information is presented in Russian, 24% in English, and only 7% in Kazakh, which indicates the asymmetry of language policy in the urban space. The obtained results make it possible to objectively assess the language situation and to formulate recommendations for improving language policy aimed at strengthening the role of the Kazakh language while preserving interethnic harmony and cultural diversity.

INTEGRATION OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CREOLIZED TEXT IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: ANALYSIS OF VISUAL MEANS IN COMICS, MANGA, AND MANHWA

Utegenova Karlyga, Zhubai Diana — 2025-09-25

Annotation. This article examines the creolized text as a tool of intercultural communication, integrating verbal and non-verbal elements into a unified semantic system. The concept, structure, and role of visual components in conveying information are analyzed. Particular attention is given to comics, manga, and manhwa as examples of creolized texts that contribute to effective intercultural interaction. The study demonstrates that the combination of linguistic and graphic means not only facilitates information perception but also forms new communication methods that are comprehensible to representatives of different cultures. The main types of interaction between verbal and visual components are identified, along with their impact on message interpretation. The conclusion highlights the significance of creolized texts in modern information society and their potential in overcoming language barriers.

SOVIET-TURKISH RELATIONS IN THE NEWSPAPER IZVESTIYA DURING THE 1920s and 1930s

G. Batyrbekkyzy, K.Bazarbayev, M.Kelesh — 2025-09-25

This article explores the evolution of diplomatic relations between Soviet Russia and the Turkish Republic through the lens of the Soviet newspaper «Izvestia». By analyzing a wide range of articles published in «Izvestia» from the early 1920s to the late 1930s, the study provides insights into the official Soviet perspective on its diplomatic engagement with Turkiye. The research highlights significant events that shaped bilateral relations, including the Treaty of Moscow (1921), the Treaty of Kars (1921), and mutual diplomatic efforts during the period of Ataturk's reforms in Turkiye and the New Economic Policy (NEP) in Soviet Russia. The study also examines the influence of international developments, such as the rise of fascism in Europe and the approach of World War II, on the dynamics between the two countries. By scrutinizing the portrayal of these events in «Izvestia», the article sheds light on the strategic interests, ideological underpinnings, and geopolitical considerations that influenced the Soviet-Turkish relationship. Furthermore, it assesses the role of media in shaping public opinion and foreign policy during this pivotal era in international relations. The research paper highlights the importance of historical archives and sources in understanding the complexities of international diplomacy and contemporary geopolitical issues.

RECORDS OF RUSSIAN OFFICIALS HELD CAPTIVE IN THE KAZAKH STEPPE (LATE 18TH CENTURY - EARLY 19TH CENTURY, BASED ON ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS)

Kaliyeva B.T., Kalelova Zh.U. — 2025-09-25

Annotation. The article discusses the records of Russian officials who were held captive in the Kazakh steppe and the information they left about the daily life of the Kazakh region. Based on the provided data, a comparative analysis was conducted. Many works, records, memoirs, and diaries written about the Kazakh people in the late 18th and early 19th centuries were written in a similar vein. To verify the accuracy of the descriptions of the Kazakh people in the diaries and memoirs of Russian researchers, they were thoroughly studied and analyzed.

The archival documents detail the records of Russian officials held captive in the Kazakh steppe and the attitude of the Kazakh people towards the captives. The research utilized data from expedition reports, diaries, and memoirs of travelers, which provide considerable information about the daily life of the Kazakh people. The documents were obtained through work with archives and rare collections. One of such materials is the archival records of Russian officials about the Kazakh people presented below. First and foremost, the record of Russian officer Savva Bolshoy, who was taken captive by the Kazakhs when he arrived in the Kazakh steppe, was examined.

REPRESENTATIVES OF TURKESTAN EMIGRATION IN EUROPE AND THE FATE OF KAZAKH REFUGEES IN THE 20-30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY

Stamshalov Yerkin — 2025-09-25

The first wave of Turkic political emigration to Europe after the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia included politicians and intellectuals who, due to their ideological positions, did not recognize Soviet power. In foreign lands, such prominent figures as M. Shokai closely followed the socio-economic and political changes taking place in their historical homeland. Famine and displacement caused by Soviet-style economic modernization methods prompted political emigrants in Europe to take certain actions. The brutal suppression of popular uprisings that engulfed entire regions of Kazakhstan due to Soviet methods of economic organization, forced collectivization, anti-religious measures, as well as economic and political campaigns of a predatory nature, such as grain procurement and meat procurement, led to a mass exodus of the population within the country and to neighboring countries. The exodus of refugees took place from the southern and western regions of Kazakhstan through neighboring Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan to distant countries such as Iran and Afghanistan. Kazakh refugees, fleeing hunger and punitive measures, were persecuted by border troops, communist detachments formed on a political basis, and civil authorities. Archival documents and memoirs indicate that in order to avoid the harsh consequences of exile, emigrants resorted to various means and desperately tried to escape from the clutches of Soviet power. Having gathered their strength to reach Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, and then cross over to Iran and Afghanistan, the refugees formed informal camel teams, engaged in cargo transportation and earned a living by working as laborers at large construction sites such as Vakhsh and others. The leaders of the Turkestan political emigration in Europe, M. Shokai, Z. Validi and others, tried in every way to attract the attention of the governments and authorities of the countries where the Turkish refugees were located to the plight of the emigrants. The main channels through which representatives of the Turkestan political emigration received information about the refugee catastrophe were the Soviet press, as well as information from the refugees themselves, who were crossing over to Afghanistan and Iran. The mass nature of the forced emigration of peasants forced the central party and Soviet organs to take measures for their re-emigration. The works of representatives of the Turkestan emigration in Europe, as well as documents of the Soviet party and executive bodies, can be assessed as sources that allow a full analysis of the scale of the refugee catastrophe.

THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE AUSTRIAN COMMUNE "ULFELD" IN THE CITY OF KYZYLORDA

Azirbekova A.Zh., Abisheva Zh.R. — 2025-09-25

In the history of our country, despite having been an Independent state for over thirty years, there are still blank spots and unexplored facts. Historians and researchers need to carry out investigative work in archival collections, identify documents that shed light on such facts, and subject them to critical analysis. One of the topics requiring further study is the history of the establishment and activities of the Austrian immigrant commune "Ulfeld", which was founded in the settlement of Sabalak, located near the city of Kyzylorda.

The issue of creating this commune was resolved in Moscow, while its activities were carried out on the territory of Kazakhstan. The commune, consisting of victims of the First World War, existed in Kyzylorda for only one year. During that year, they restored the irrigation system, cultivated wheat, potatoes, millet, and garden crops, and carried out construction works.

This article examines the history of the creation and activities of the Austrian immigrant commune "Ulfeld": materials on the history of the commune's establishment, the conditions of the bilateral agreement, and issues related to the resettlement of immigrants are analyzed. The article also discusses the assistance provided to the commune by the Soviet authorities.

HORSE THEFT BY WEST SIBERIAN KAZAKHS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XIX CENTURY AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF A NEW LEGAL FIELD OF THE TSARIST GOVERNMENT

Kupenova G.Y. — 2025-09-25

Abstract. The study of the process of eviction of Kazakhs from the inner side of the Irtysh in the 30-70s, as a change in tactics in the policy of the tsarist government of the mid-19th century.

Based on written sources and historical research, to determine and analyze the causal relationships of the increase in horse theft by Kazakhs, both from the "loyal subjects" and steppe ones who migrated to the inner part.The study is based on the analysis of archival documents, including the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan (CSA RK), sources of the State Public Historical Library (SPIB RF, Moscow) and fundamental studies of the XX-XXI centuries. Additional materials are available in the published collections of documents "Kazakh-Russian relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries". The methodological basis of the study was a systems analysis, where Russian-Kazakh relations of the XVIII-XIX centuries are considered as a system, consisting of two unequal subsystems of Russian government policy and traditional Kazakh society.

The use of comparative historical, chronological and analytical research methods made it possible to give a more objective picture of the problem under study. The uncertainty of the legal status of internal Kazakhs, the lack of self-government among the Kazakhs of the Tomsk province against the background of a series of national liberation movements of the first half of the 19th century, as well as the active implementation of the resettlement policy of peasants from the European part in order to consolidate the Russian population of the region, led to an increase in traditional horse theft, which was supported by internal Kazakhs to prevent the resettlement of Siberian lands by resettled peasants. Which became the reason for the transition from the second half of the 19th century. administrations from the tactics of permits for the migration of Kazakhs to the internal regions to its complete prohibition. The fight against horse theft was actively carried out in the 50-70s. XIX century. the period of decline in the Kazakh population, when they could move to the inner line without livestock and without yurts. Trying to stay on the inner side, due to constant expulsions, the Kazakhs on the Novoishim line converted to Christianity or moved to the peasantry. With the creation of compact livestock villages in the region, an increase in their number and the need to bring the regulation of their situation to the legislative framework, it was decided to consolidate the Russian population in the region during the activation of the resettlement policy and the release of Siberian lands for them. Here, under the pretext of increasing horse theft, traditional for Kazakhs, and in the current situation, it became an expression of the reaction of both "internal" and steppe Kazakhs to the arbitrariness of the Kazakh population by various departments, due to the lack of a legislative framework for management.

Keywords: Region of Siberian Kirghiz (Kazakhs), Middle Zhuz, right bank of the Irtysh, "loyal Kazakhs", horse theft, "On measures to stop horse theft in Western Siberia" 1854, Semipalatinsk internal district.

THE GREEK-ARMENIAN FACTOR OF THE JOCHID ULUS IN EUROPEAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Шолахов Мурат — 2025-09-25

The article analyzes the perception of Greek and Armenian presence in the Jochid Ulus as reflected in European historiography. Based on a review of sources and Western scholarly works, it explores the social, economic, and religious aspects of the lives of Armenian and Greek communities in the Golden Horde. Particular attention is given to issues of adaptation, assimilation, and interaction with the Mongol administration and the Islamized elite. Armenians predominantly retained religious autonomy and operated within urban trade and crafts, while, according to European sources, Greeks more frequently joined military structures within the khan’s entourage, partially converted to Islam, and participated in the administrative system. The article examines interpretations of these processes within the European academic tradition, identifying key narrative models and assessments of the roles played by Greeks and Armenians in the multiethnic structure of the Golden Horde(Ulus of Jochi).

HISTORY OF CORRECTIONAL LABOR CAMPS IN ZERENDI DISTRICT OF AKMOLA REGION (1930-1950): BASED ON ORAL SOURCES

Utegenov M., Seifulin T., Zhanissov A. — 2025-09-25

The article examines the history of correctional labor camps in the Zerendi district of Akmola region in the 30-50s of the XX century. It is known that during this period the territory of the Akmola region became one of the main centers of Stalin's camps, deportations and political exile. During the years of repression, the Karlag and Steplag camp systems spread widely in Kazakhstan, which have their own history of study: after Independence, these camps began to be actively studied by historians, local historians and scientists. In recent years, thanks to the declassification of archival documents, new data on a previously closed topic began to be published, which contributed to the formation of a new perspective on these events. After the release of the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan K.-J. K. Tokayev dated November 24, 2020 "On the establishment of the State Commission for the full rehabilitation of victims of political repression", a series of field expeditions to the Zerendi district was organized. During the scientific research, archival documents (the State Archive of the Akmola region), oral narrative sources, as well as data collected during field expeditions were used. As a result of field research in the village of Baratai in the Zerendi district, previously unknown burial sites of prisoners of the Klyuchi camp, as well as the Ozerny camp in the village of Simferopol in the Zerendi district of the Akmola region, were discovered. On November 24, 2021, commemorative plaques were erected at the burial sites in memory of the victims of political repression. In addition, the study identified the preserved buildings of the camps and clarified the data on their locations in the Zerendi district of the Akmola region.

CENTRAL ASIAN MERCHANTS IN RUSSIAN-ASIAN FOREIGN TRADE VIA ASTRAKHAN IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Ozdamirova E.M. — 2025-09-25

The eastern coast of the Caspian Sea and the Central Asian territories beyond it have long been linked to Russia by trade relations. Astrakhan has always been an important point of this trade. The ties of the Lower Volga region with the states and territories of Central Asia arose in the Middle Ages.

From the moment of the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to the Russian state and until the middle of the 18th century, Russia's trade with the Central Asian states and territories was entirely concentrated in Astrakhan. After the founding of Orenburg and the establishment of the Orenburg border line, the position of Astrakhan foreign trade in this direction was somewhat shaken, but in the first half of the 19th century it remained an important component.

SPIRITUAL HERITAGE OF AKHUN-ISHANDS IN THE SYR REGION: FROM THE SOVIET PERIOD TO THE PRESENT DAY

Talgat Zholdassuly, Askhat Sailau — 2025-09-25

This article examines the history of the spiritual heritage of religious figures known as “Khoja”, “Ishan” and “Akhun” who lived in the Syr Darya region between the late 18th century and the early 20th century. Despite the atheistic policies of the Soviet era, their rare books, manuscripts, and artifacts were preserved by their descendants and have survived to this day. These historical materials, discovered through specialized expeditions, provide an opportunity to systematize and introduce the legacy of religious figures from the Syr Darya region into academic discourse. The main objective of this study is to highlight the significance of the spiritual heritage that has endured since the Soviet period and to provide a detailed description of these artifacts. Additionally, identifying the role of the descendants of the akhun and Ishan in preserving these relics is a key research task. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, interest in religious heritage increased, leading to the study of previously hidden works. This article explores these issues through the example of the Syr Darya region.

«CONFRONTATION IN URALSK»: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND SOCIETY OF THE 90-S IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF MODERN AUTHORS

Maksot Sergaliev — 2025-09-25

The article-review of the book by Artur Nygmet «Confrontation in Uralsk» points out numerous semantic and linguistic errors and shortcomings with a logical conclusion about the advisability of a linguistic examination of its content for subsequent legal assessment. Two main methods of analysis were used: retrospective and comparative. It was established that the author of the book, which claims to have historical significance, made many mistakes in assessing the activities of both individual civil servants and state bodies of Kazakhstan as a whole. The combination of errors contributes to the formation of a distorted idea among the readership about the role and importance of government bodies at turning points in the history of Kazakhstan. The results of the study indicate the need for a more objective assessment of historical events, as well as a competent approach to covering past events that does not allow amateurs to distort such concepts as «freedom of speech» and «civic responsibility».

MATERIALS OF THE STATE ARCHIVE OF THE WEST-KAZAKHSTAN REGION AS A SOURCE OF THE XX-XI CENTURIES HISTORICAL DATA OF THE REGION

Sdykov Murat — 2025-09-25

The analysis of the historical and cultural processes makes us refer to the regional archives, as written information sources that have been built up during the life of several generations. Among those archives, the funds of historical documents stand out, both for the quantitative contents and for the chronological frames covered by the material. For a researcher that makes it possible to study the formation, development and peculiarities of the historical processes in a more objective way. Events of regional character may be depicted in a more detailed manner with the help of the local archives. The West-Kazakhstan archive has not been considered as a subject of scientific research yet, whereas it contains significant information on the development of the region. This article attempts to present the structure of the archive and give a brief description of the main content.

THE ROLE OF THE KOKAND FORTRESS JULEK IN THE ADVANCE OF RUSSIAN FORCES INTO THE TURKESTAN REGION (1858–1861)

Abdualy A.B., Tokbolat S.T., Rakhmetulla Sh.T. — 2025-09-25

The article analyzes the military-strategic and political significance of the Kokand fortress Julek in the context of the Russian Empire’s advance into the Turkestan during the years 1858-1861. Based on the examination of archival sources, memoirs, scholarly literature, by military and administrative officials, the study investigates Julek’s role as a key link in the implementation of the imperial strategy to unite the Syr Darya and Siberian lines. Special attention is paid to the involvement of the Kazakh tribal aristocracy and intelligence networks, which actively assisted Russian forces by providing logistical and informational support for the campaigns. The article argues that Julek should not be viewed as a peripheral outpost but rather as a crucial element of military infrastructure that determined the success of the subsequent advance on Tashkent. The study demonstrates that the traditional historiographical underestimation of such fortresses calls for a revision of prevailing interpretations of the mechanisms of imperial expansion in Central Asia.

LOCAL TOPONYMS OF THE TURKESTAN REGION

Marat Tuyakbaev — 2025-09-25

The study, analysis and introduction into scientific circulation of the indigenous geographical names of the Turkestan region, the spiritual capital of the Turkic world, which occupies an important place not only in national history, but also in the history of all Turkic peoples at one time, is one of the urgent problems underlying history, which further increased the value and significance of our national history. This article examines the importance of the law "On the special status of the city of Turkestan", signed by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. The city of Turkestan is a historical and spiritual center that played an important role in the formation and development of the Kazakh statehood. It occupies a special place in the history of ancient and medieval Kazakhstan, as it is located along the Great Silk Road, which makes the city an economic, political, administrative and cultural center. The article examines the ethnonymic features of the local geographical names of the Turkestan region and their historical roots. It was noted that most of the geographical names of the region consist of the names of the people, country, tribe and clan. The study examines the formation of names in Arabic, Persian, Kazakh and Uzbek languages dating back to the Saka, Usun, Hunnic, Turkic, Oguz and Kipchak periods. The article also discusses ways to preserve and develop the historical and cultural heritage of the city of Turkestan, emphasizing the need to develop cultural tourism as one of the strategic directions for the development of Kazakhstan. The results of the study show that historical, ethnonymic and toponymic materials make it possible to understand the ethnic structure of the region and the ways of historical migration. The article defines the important role of ethnonymy in the in-depth study of the historical and cultural heritage of the Turkestan region. The special status of Turkestan is a great opportunity to preserve its historical heritage and present it on a global level.

THE AREA OF DISTRIBUTION AND CONNECTION OF THE MONUMENTS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE IN THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

D.Z. Sagidullayev, A.G. Sitdikov — 2025-09-25

The territory of the West Kazakhstan region is one of the areas closest to the center of the Ulus of Jochi state. The emergence of numerous settlements along the trade caravan routes leading to the Lower Volga region was a natural phenomenon. Therefore, today, the study of the region's monuments and the identification of communication routes are the focus of attention. The aim of the research is to determine the areas of concentration of known monuments based on the results of archaeological research and to identify potential zones for new trade connections and monuments. To achieve the research objective, areas with a concentration of known monuments were identified, and probable zones and directions for the location of monuments for future research were determined by comparing them with trade routes marked on 19th-20th century maps. As a result, several probable directions were identified within the territory of the West Kazakhstan region.

HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF THE GREAT STEPPE

2025-09-25

The article examines the historical and cultural landscapes of the Great Steppe. The Great Steppe is a vast natural and geographical space that encompasses the desert, steppe, forest-steppe, and mountain regions of Eurasia. The domestication of the horse and the development of nomadic pastoralism in this space laid the foundation for civilizational development. Nomadic culture strengthened the connections between various ethnic groups and cultures, and this process continued during the eras of the Xiongnu, Turkic, and Chinggisid empires. The rich natural and cultural heritage of the Great Steppe had a direct impact on the formation of the Kazakh Khanate, defining the way of life and political development of the people. The historical continuity of the Turkic Khaganate, the Golden Horde, and the Kazakh Khanate further enhanced the political and cultural role of this region. Historical sources and archaeological research make it possible to explain the socio-economic development of the societies of the Great Steppe and the formation of their ethno-cultural unity.

URBAN PUBLIC SPACE - AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF CITY DEVELOPMENT

Borankulova D.M., Beikitova A.N., Kazakbay D.I. — 2025-09-25

The problems of creating a high-quality urban environment in modern
conditions are relevant for both large megacities and small towns and urban settlements. In the
conditions of rapid development of urbanisation and increase in the share of urban population,
public spaces are considered as a important element of the urban planning system and the basis
for the formation of urban environment. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the
problems, practices and current trends in the creation and modernisation of public urban spaces
based on examples of domestic and international experience. The study of this topic allows us to
identify the basic principles and requirements for the creation and development of the system
that ensures the effective functioning of urban public spaces.
Open public spaces on the urban territory – city squares, parks, embankments, natural
landscapes, territories in front of residential complexes contribute not only to the socio-cultural,
but also to the economic development of the city. Public space, as an important element of urban
development, plays a significant role in shaping the city’s cohesive socio-cultural structure,
which highlights the relevance of this research. The article analyses the significance of urban
public spaces, classifies them according to various features, and identifies the main features of
the design of public areas. The classification of urban public spaces revealed their social
significance. Through socially significant objects in the highly urbanised urban environment a
system analysis of public transport stops has been carried out. Public transport stops are
important as open public spaces capable of bringing changes in the processes of city life. This
requires the introduction of new approaches and methods to their creation, maintenance and
modernisation.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF ETHNODEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Tilekova Zh.T., Kuspanova A.K., Karmenova N.N., Zhandosova G.O. — 2025-09-25

The article examines the ethnodemographic changes that have occurred in the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past 30 years (from the early 1990s to the 2020s). The study is based on the analysis of statistical data, population census materials and scientific publications, and also includes a spatial assessment of demographic and ethnic transformations in various regions of the country. The study focuses on the changes in the number and territorial distribution of the main ethnic groups, migration processes, and urbanization. Key trends have been identified: a steady growth trend in the number of the titular nation, the Kazakhs; a significant reduction in the number of Russian-speaking ethnic groups, primarily Russians, Ukrainians, Germans and Belarusians; repatriation of the кandas. The importance of an integrated approach to the assessment of ethnodemographic processes is emphasized in order topredict future changes and form effective state national and regional policies.

CREATION OF A UNIFIED DIGITAL SPATIALLY COORDINATED HYDROLOGICAL DATABASE FOR THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

2025-09-25

The article presents the results of the formation of a unified digital spatially coordinated hydrological database of the West Kazakhstan region. This work is an important step in the development of the region's water resources management system and is aimed at creating an effective tool for making informed decisions in the water sector. The work includes the analysis and generalization of hydrometeorological data and materials on water bodies, hydraulic structures, as well as the development of the digital platform "Water bodies and water management infrastructure of the West Kazakhstan region", which provides data storage, processing and visualization for integrated water resources management. The proposed database contains information on 192 hydrological posts, 50 meteorological stations, 3176 rivers, 1124 lakes and various hydraulic structures in the region. All objects are spatially linked and are accompanied by detailed attribute data. The developed digital platform is a modern open source client-server software based on the Linux operating system. The platform provides users with an intuitive interface for working with data on water and water management facilities, which greatly simplifies the process of managing the region's water resources.

ECONOMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA: HISTORICAL CONTINUITY AND FEATURES OF MODERN DEVELOPMENT

Khozhanova B.Kh., Zharmaganbetova N.S. — 2025-09-25

This article examines the structure of the economy and the state of economic development of the Republic of Lithuania. The Republic of Lithuania is one of the small but strategically important states located on the Baltic Sea coast. Lithuania, which gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union, has experienced intense political, economic and social changes. Membership in the European Union and NATO has given a new impetus to the country's development.The article describes the current course of socio-economic development with a general overview of the physical geographical location of the country.The Republic of Lithuania is located to the west of the Eastern European (Russian) Plain. The glacier played an important role in shaping the country's topography. With the exception of the northern regions, the territory of Lithuania is located in the zone of the most powerful accumulation of glacial deposits throughout the Baltic States. The share of industry in the GDP structure as of 2019 is 25.2%. After 1990, the processes characteristic of the Baltic States took place in this area. The breakdown of raw materials and technological ties, the loss of markets and government orders led to a change in the structure of industry, and the destruction of many large enterprises. In Soviet times, the fuel industry in Lithuania created a fuel and energy complex based on oil supplied from Russia via the Novopolotsk-Mazheysk oil pipeline. It included an oil refinery, an oil pipeline, and an oil terminal in Butinga. Lithuania was the only oil refining industry in the Baltic States. Road, air, and rail transport have been established in the country's transport complex.

ASSESSING URBAN GREENING TRENDS IN ALMATY CITY THROUGH NDVI ANALYSIS OVER FIVE YEARS (2020-2025)

Karlygash Zhuman, Zhanna Assipova — 2025-09-25

This study assesses city-wide urban greening trends in Almaty, Kazakhstan, over a five-year period (June 2020-June 2025) by analyzing seasonal and annual patterns of vegetation using NDVI derived from Sentinel-2 imagery. High-resolution (10 m) Sentinel-2 Level-2A imagery was processed in QGIS, filtered to exclude scenes with cloud coverage ≥30%, and clipped to Almaty’s administrative boundaries. NDVI values were calculated for selected cloud-free dates, aggregated at seasonal and custom annual scales (June–May), and statistically analyzed to evaluate spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics. Unlike previous localized studies, this research provides the first city-wide, multi-year assessment of Almaty’s urban vegetation using consistent satellite-based NDVI analysis. It establishes a baseline for long-term green infrastructure monitoring and offers valuable insights for sustainable urban planning. The results demonstrate strong, predictable seasonal NDVI patterns aligned with Almaty’s continental climate. Summer periods consistently showed peak greenness (~0.50-0.52 NDVI), while winter periods displayed much lower values (~0.01-0.07). No strong or consistent trend in annual mean NDVI was observed, indicating overall stability in city-wide greenness during the study period despite ongoing urban forestry initiatives.

THE ROLE OF SPECIALLY PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS IN CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY USING GIS TECHNOLOGIES

2025-09-25

In the context of worsening environmental problems associated with the irrational use of natural resources, disruption of the ecological balance and degradation of natural ecosystems over vast territories, the task of preserving unique natural complexes is becoming especially urgent. One of the effective tools for solving these problems is the creation of specially protected natural areas (SPNA), which serve as an ecological framework that helps preserve natural complexes in their natural state and restore degraded ecosystems under the influence of anthropogenic factors.

The article examines the role of protected areas in the conservation of biodiversity using geographic information systems (GIS) using the example of the North Kazakhstan region. The article analyzes modern approaches to the use of protected areas as platforms for increasing environmental literacy of the population, developing environmental responsibility and implementing programs for the protection of rare and endangered species.

A review of existing natural areas of the region, their potential for scientific research and popularization of biodiversity conservation using GIS technologies was conducted. Key areas of interaction between environmental protection activities and educational initiatives are identified, and recommendations are proposed for strengthening the role of protected areas in ensuring sustainable development of the region.

For the first time, a tourist and recreational map of the North Kazakhstan region and a recreational map of the Aiyrtau district were developed based on Earth remote sensing (ERS) data at a scale of 1:250,000. The use of modern tools such as GIS and remote sensing allows for a significant increase in the efficiency of planning tourism and recreational activities, and also facilitates the integration of environmental measures with educational and awareness-raising programs. These technologies provide accurate mapping of natural and cultural sites, areas with special ecological status and potential recreational resources, which contributes to the sustainable development of the region and the formation of environmentally responsible tourism.

LANDSCAPES OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS: FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE INDICATION

Petrishchev V.P. — 2025-09-25

The article describes a methodology for classifying satellite images of oil and gas field territories to determine the transformation of the landscape’s morphological structure over time. Special attention is given to a comprehensive assessment of the condition of oil and gas field landscapes, including hydrological, geochemical, soil, and geobotanical aspects. The main focus is on analyzing the morphological structure of landscapes using satellite imagery, including the monitoring of surface oil and sludge spills, as well as assessing the mobility of landscape element boundaries at the levels of localities, terrain units, and subunits. The approaches of supervised and unsupervised satellite image classification are described, along with the use of radar and multispectral ranges and indices (such as NDVI) to identify areas of degradation. The significance of comprehensive and long-term analysis of hydromorphic terrain units and floodplain areas, where changes in surface water levels contribute to the spread of petroleum products, is highlighted. The results confirm the effectiveness of integrating satellite data and field studies for monitoring oil spills and assessing the condition of landscape complexes.

ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF HEALTH DISORDERS OF NON-FERROUS METALLURGY WORKERS

Dakieva K.Zh., Sadykanova G.E., Kumarbekuly S. — 2025-09-25

The assessment of workers' health requires the development of scientific approaches to detect early changes in the body as a result of exposure to production factors. There is very little scientific literature on the effect of unfavourable toxic factors of titanium-magnesium production on the organism. Currently, the issues of prenosological diagnostics are becoming more relevant, and the methods are being actively developed. Tissue metabolism plays a major role in the formation of prenosological conditions. Chronic stressor influence of production factors cause changes in the regulation of blood circulation. We have studied the influence of toxic chemical substances Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium-Magnesium Plant (UKTMP) on the organism of workers, namely on the indicators of the kallikrein-kinin system of workers of the main workshops depending on the length of service at this enterprise, we determined the level of kininogen and prekallikrein, the activity of kininase and kallikrein. It was revealed that workers under the influence of a complex of production factors on the organism have activation of indicators of the kallikrein-kinin system, the changes depend on the length of service and the workshop. Kinins are necessary products of vital activity, they are contained in all organs and tissues, fulfil the role of chemical regulators of local and general blood flow rate. Our studies are necessary for early detection of changes in the body of workers and comprehensive treatment procedures, can prevent the development of occupational diseases.

APPLICATION OF IN VITRO MICROCLONAL PROPAGATION FOR RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES

A.I. Token, A.A. Kunanbai, А.Е. Talpakova, L.Sh. Shadmanova, G.T. Sitpayeva — 2025-09-25

This article examines the specifics of microclonal propagation of rare and endangered plant species found in the Ulytau region through the application of in vitro technologies.
Microclonal propagation is a progressive biotechnological method aimed at the conservation and reproduction of rare and specially protected plant species. In vitro technology enables the large-scale production of genetically uniform plants under laboratory conditions, which is particularly relevant for species with limited natural populations.

The analysis of literature sources allowed for the systematization of accumulated scientific experience related to microclonal propagation of rare plant species in Kazakhstan. As a result, the most effective propagation methods were identified. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that certain species remain insufficiently studied. The development of species-specific cultivation protocols and the improvement of ex vitro acclimatization methods are proposed as key directions for future research.

ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AND EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST STEEL CORROSION OF INORGANIC INHIBITORS BASED ON PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS

Tanagoz Mukhtar — 2025-09-25

The article examines the effectiveness and environmental safety of inorganic inhibitors based on phosphorus compounds to slow down steel corrosion. Sodium orthophosphate (Na₃PO₄) and its derivatives insulate the surface of steel from an aggressive environment, forming protective films that prevent corrosion. During the study, the corrosion rate was determined using the gravimetric method and the effect of inhibitor solutions in different concentrations was compared. In addition, the impact of the phosphate inhibitors used on the environment was analyzed, and it was proved that toxic waste is not generated, that is, they are environmentally safe. The results showed that phosphorus-based inorganic inhibitors can be used as an effective and ecological alternative to protect metal structures. This research contributes to the development of less environmentally harmful technologies.

DIGITALIZATION OF ACCOUNTING OF GAME ANIMALS: LITERATURE REVIEW

Zarina Sergazinova — 2025-09-25

The article presents an analysis of the world experience in the use of digital technologies in the accounting of game animals. Key approaches are considered, such as the use of geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze the suitability of habitats and the potential number of mammals and birds, automated systems for monitoring and accounting of animals using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and camera traps. Examples from various countries are analyzed, where the digitalization of monitoring and accounting of animal communities has increased the accuracy of the data obtained, which has reduced the impact on ecosystems and improved the management of hunting resources. The possibility of adapting these technologies to the conditions of Kazakhstan is considered, with an emphasis on the need for an integrated approach to monitoring to ensure the sustainable development of the hunting industry and the preservation of natural heritage in the face of global environmental challenges. The presented results can be used to develop effective strategies for the digitalization of wildlife monitoring in Kazakhstan and other countries with similar natural and climatic conditions.

ATYRAU AND THE GLOBAL GREENHOUSE EFFECT: CLIMATE ANALYSIS AND PROSPECTS

Tauova Nursaule, Kadyrgali Zhanar — 2025-09-25

This study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the global greenhouse effect on the climate and socio-economic development of the Atyrau region, a strategically important region of Kazakhstan specializing in the extraction and processing of hydrocarbon raw materials. The aim of the study was to identify long-term climate trends, assess the extent of their impact on key sectors of the economy and the livelihoods of the population, and to identify priority areas for developing and implementing effective strategies for adapting to changing climate conditions and mitigating the negative consequences of global warming.

The study included a statistical analysis of long-term data series on temperature and precipitation collected by meteorological stations in the Atyrau region for the period from 2000 to 2022. The comes about of the examination uncovered a diligent drift towards an increment within the normal yearly temperature, as well as a common trend towards a diminish within the yearly sum of precipitation, which together leads to an increment in climate aridity. In expansion, an increment in extraordinary warm occasions, such as warm waves and periods with strangely tall temperatures, was recorded.

An evaluation of the affect of the distinguished climate changes on key divisions of the economy of the Atyrau locale, counting horticulture, water assets and vitality, appeared critical negative results, communicated in a diminish in trim yields, water shortage and an increment in power utilization for discuss conditioning.The study concludes with recommendations on developing and implementing a comprehensive strategy for climate change adaptation and mitigation, involving government agencies, business, scientific organizations, and the public to ensure sustainable development of the Atyrau region in the context of global climate change.

ECOLOGICAL STATE AND GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE BARBASTAU RIVER

Максот Берлигужин — 2025-09-25

The scientific article examines the results of water quality studies in order to identify the ecological state and geochemical features of the Barbastau River. The study was conducted in the field in the fall of 2024 and in the spring of 2025, the camera period was conducted in the testing laboratory of ecology and biogeochemistry of the Utemisov West Kazakhstan University. Hydrological, geomorphological, and physico-chemical studies of water samples were conducted to assess the ecological and chemical state of the Barbastau River. During the study, the main ions and trace elements contained in the river water were identified. For a complete assessment of the ecological state of the water, the data obtained were processed in accordance with GOST methods. Based on the results obtained, a table and diagram have been compiled, the results have been summarized and the ecological state has been determined. The final results will make it possible to determine the necessary measures in the future to improve the ecological condition of the Barbastau River.

POLYETHYLENE AS A SOURCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

A.E. Mendygaliyeva, Y.V. Lopukhova — 2025-09-25

Polyethylene is one of the most widely used synthetic polymers due to its strength, light weight, durability, and low production cost. However, its extensive use and resistance to natural degradation have led to significant environmental challenges. This article analyzes the main mechanisms by which polyethylene contributes to environmental pollution, including the formation of microplastics, contamination of soil and aquatic ecosystems, and its harmful effects on flora, fauna, and potentially human health.

The article also discusses the broader ecological consequences of polyethylene accumulation and highlights the urgency of addressing these issues. Furthermore, various approaches to reducing polyethylene pollution are explored, such as microbial and enzymatic biodegradation, advanced recycling methods, and the development of biodegradable polymer alternatives. Experimental results on the decomposition behavior of polyethylene under different physical, chemical, and biological conditions are presented. These findings are supported with visual data in the form of tables and diagrams, helping to illustrate the efficiency of different degradation strategies and offering insights into more sustainable plastic waste management practices.

ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES OF THE GENUS POPULUS L. IN THE MOUNTAIN TUGAI FORESTS OF KAZAKHSTAN

Tamara Stikhareva, Ivashchenko Anna — 2025-09-25

The article provides an analysis of literature, herbarium materials and results of the authors' own research on clarifying the species diversity and distribution of representatives of the genus Populus L. in the mountain tugai forests of southern and southeastern Kazakhstan. The dynamics of nomenclature of the two most significant species since the middle of the last century is shown. Plant communities with P. macrocarpa (P. talassica) are found in river valleys from the Dzhungarian Alatau to the Western Tien Shan at altitudes of 1200-2200 m above sea level. Communities with P. afganica have been recorded by us in the valleys of the Badam, Aksu, Bosturgai rivers (Western Tien Shan) and Charyn (foothills of the Northern Tien Shan) at an altitude range of 961-1160 m above sea level. For the purpose of in-depth study of these species, it is necessary to conduct molecular genetic identification of samples from various geographical populations of the southern and southeastern regions of Kazakhstan.

MICROBIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF LAKES IN WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FORESIGHT CONCEPT

Sergaliev N.Kh., Kakishev M.G. — 2025-09-25

The article presents the results of microbiome studies conducted on Lakes Glubinnoye, Brusyanoe, and Karasu, located in the West Kazakhstan region, using high-throughput sequencing methods. The analysis revealed that unclassified bacteria, along with representatives of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteriota, dominate in these aquatic ecosystems. The main differences among the microbiomes of the three lakes are associated with the proportion of unassigned bacterial taxa. It was also found that the taxonomic structures of the microbial communities across the lakes share common features. All samples contained representatives of Verrucomicrobiae, Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidia, Actinobacteria, and Acidimicrobiia. Beta diversity analysis indicated that the microbiome composition varies depending on the sampling location. When assessing the taxonomic composition, it was observed that the microbiomes from Lake Glubinnoye are more similar to each other, while those from Lake Karasu, despite being grouped in the same cluster, exhibit greater diversity. Samples from Lakes Glubinnoye and Brusyanoe showed the presence of Candidatus Aquilinia (ranging from 2.6% to 7.5%) and relatively high levels of Algoriphagus (from 2% to 8%). A notable common feature between samples from Lakes Glubinnoye and Karasu is the relatively high abundance of the Methylophilaceae family (ranging from 1.3% to 3.8%).

DENDROCHRONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TREE SPECIES RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE HIGH-MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS OF EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN

K.B. Alipina, Sh.B. Abilova, Choimaa Dulamsuren, Zh.T. Tergenbayeva — 2025-09-25

This study focuses on analyzing the effects of climate change on tree growth using dendrochronological methods. The natural and climatic conditions of East Kazakhstan- marked by pronounced seasonality, high-altitude terrain, and continental climate- make it a unique model region for studying the dynamics of annual tree growth. In the context of limited historical meteorological data, tree rings serve as reliable proxy sources of climatic information.

During fieldwork conducted in 2013 and 2023 across various altitudinal zones in the Katon-Karagai State National Nature Park, 1,610 tree cores were collected. Growth chronologies were constructed for Betula pendula, Larix sibirica, Pinus sibirica, Picea obovata, and Abies sibirica. Ring widths were measured using the LINTAB system and TSAP-Win software; data processing included cross-dating and detrending using COFECHA, and statistical analysis in R (dplR, treeclim packages) and STATISTICA 13.2.

Results revealed a negative correlation between air temperature and tree growth, and a positive correlation with precipitation and solar activity. The highest correlation values were recorded with solar activity (r = 0.53–0.86), moderate with precipitation (r = 0.04–0.46), and negative with temperature. These findings demonstrate that radial growth of trees is highly sensitive to moisture availability and radiation conditions.

Thus, the identified growth patterns of tree species in response to climatic factors provide a scientific basis for regional dendroclimatic reconstructions and the assessment of the adaptive potential of forest ecosystems under climate change conditions.

NEW DATA ON THE BLOTCHED DIADEM SNAKE SPALEROSOPHIS DIADEMA (SCHLEGEL, 1837) IN THE MANGYSTAU REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Anastasia Klenina, Andrey Bakiev — 2025-09-25

This article describes the findings of the Blotched diadem snake Spalerosophis diadema in the Karakiyansky district of the Mangistau region of Kazakhstan in the spring of 2025. Information on the current distribution, level of study and protection status of the species is provided. Over the entire history of herpetological research in Kazakhstan, about 26 finds of S. diadema have been recorded. The species lives in the Republic of Kazakhstan on the northern border of its vast range, occurs in two limited areas (territories near the southern tip of the Western chinka of Ustyurt and in the Kyzylkum desert) and is one of the most poorly studied and rare species of snakes in Kazakhstan. Territorial protection of a species can be carried out within the boundaries of specially protected natural territories with their own security staff. The Blotched diadem snake lives and, therefore, is protected in the Ustyurt State Nature Reserve, as well as in the territory of the projected specially protected area – the Southern Ustyurt cluster site of the Ustyurt State Nature Reserve. The need for its inclusion in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan is substantiated.

TYPING OF FORAGE LAND VEGETATION IN THE WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN REGION USING PHYTOCENOLOGICAL METHODS

2025-09-25

The article is devoted to the phytocenological typification of vegetation of forage lands in the West Kazakhstan region. The paper considers the main types of vegetation, their ecological characteristics and functional role in maintaining the ecosystem. The methods of collecting and analyzing phytocenological data are described, and the key phytocenoses characteristic of this region are highlighted. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the biological diversity and sustainability of forage lands, and can also be used to develop recommendations for the efficient use and protection of these natural resources. Analysis of the obtained data will improve pasture management and contribute to the agricultural development of the region. The importance of taking into account the dynamics of vegetation in the context of climate change and anthropogenic impact is emphasized. The presented results can serve as a basis for future research, as well as for optimizing agronomic practices and developing measures to restore degraded lands. The conclusion emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to the study of forage land ecosystems, which includes the interaction of various environmental factors, the impact of livestock and the prospects for sustainable management of natural resources. In addition, special attention is paid to the relevance of preserving local plant species and enhancing biodiversity, which is an important condition for ensuring food security and sustainable development of rural areas.