ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF DIRECT SEEDING OF WINTER WHEAT IN SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN

Abstract

Under arid conditions, rainfed direct seeding systems may lead to reduced yields due to moisture and nutrient deficiencies. In 2024-2025, eight variants of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application were evaluated for direct-seeded winter wheat in Southern Kazakhstan. The results show that the soil effectively retains moisture, supporting plant development during critical growth stages. Phosphorus application accelerated grain maturation, while the combination of phosphorus and nitrogen extended the vegetation period. Without fertilization, productivity and resource efficiency decline, whereas the use of growth stimulants combined with microfertilizers enhances the rational utilization of soil fertility. Optimizing plant nutrition based on specific crop requirements increases the sustainability of winter wheat production in the arid environments of Southern Kazakhstan.